Cultural Differences Between Russia And Japan

Cultural Differences Between Russia And Japan Russia, being one of the fastest growing economies in the world, is a Mecca for international business relations. People who are looking to break into a new business or attempting to grow their European presence enjoy their success by the development of new Russian clients and partners. Meeting Etiquette Russians value patience and appreciate time to debate, consider and digest negotiations. Trying to impose a decision through high-pressure talk will only make you appear impatient, rude and incapable of professional business interactions. Although it is acceptable for your Russian colleagues to be late to business meetings, but, as a foreigner, you are expected to arrive on time. Also, dont let your late Russian colleagues to apologize for their tardiness, as their behavior is considered to be a test of your patience. If your business meeting is focused on technical topics, be sure to bring technical experts and a Russian interpreter. Your Russian colleagues will expect a thorough presentation of the history and/or precedents associated with your topic. Bringing experts establishes your credibility, foresight and general expertise. Although most Russians speak English, be sure to have a Russian translation of your business card on its flipside, as this indicates your enthusiasm for doing business with your Russian colleagues. Greeting Etiquettes Initial greetings may come across as cool. Do not expect friendly smiles. A handshake is always appropriate when greeting or leaving, regardless of the relationship. Remove your gloves before shaking hands. Dress Codes Business dress is formal and conservative. Wearing very light or bright colors might make you appear lazy or unreliable to a Russian. MEN: They should wear business suits. WOMEN: They should wear subdued colored business suits with skirts that cover the knees. Shoes should be highly polished. Body Language Russians are very demonstrative people, and public physical contact is common. Hugs, backslapping, kisses on the cheeks and other expansive gestures are common among friends or acquaintances and between members of the same sex. Russians stand close while talking. Putting your thumb through index or middle fingers or making the OK sign are considered very rude gestures in Russia. Corporate Culture Russians appreciate punctuality. Business meetings generally begin on time. Business cards are handed out liberally in Russia and are always exchanged at business meetings. The ceremony of presenting and receiving business cards is important. Do not treat it lightly. Hand your business card so the Russian side is readable to the recipient. Representatives of the Russian company or government body are usually seated on one side of a table at meetings with guests on the other side. Your company should be represented by a specialized team of experts. Presentations should be thoroughly prepared, detailed, factual and short on salesmanship. Russians find it difficult to admit mistakes, especially publicly. They also find it difficult to risk offending someone by making requests or assertions. Trying to do business in Russia over the telephone is generally ineffective. The Russian telecommunications system is inadequate, but improving quickly. The telex is widely used. Personal relationships play a crucial role in Russian business. Business negotiations in Russia are lengthy and may test your patience. Plan to be in for a long haul. No contract is final until a contract has been signed. Gifts A small business gift is always appropriate, but its value should correspond to the rank of the Russian businessperson with whom you are meeting. As a general rule, do not give items that are now easily obtainable in Russia. Bring a gift for the hostess when visiting a Russian home. A small gift for a Russian child is always appropriate. Dining Etiquettes The business breakfast is not a part of Russian business culture. Business dining is getting more and more popular. It is generally taken as the time for selling a deal. The center seats are reserved for the most senior officials. Begin eating only after somebody says a toast. Toasting is a very important part of dining. Russians use a continental style of holding the utensils, i.e., the fork is held in the left hand and the knife is held in the right hand while eating. If you are unsure of which utensil to use, start from the outside. Do not turn down offers of food or drink. Given Russian hospitality, this can be difficult, but to decline such offers is considered to be rude. If you are invited for the dinner, do not make other plans for later in the evening. You are expected to spend some time socializing after the meal. After a toast, most Russians like to clink their glasses together. Do not do so if you are drinking something non-alcoholic. Do not get up until you are invited to leave the table. At formal dinners, the guest of honor is the first to get up from the table. Do not begin eating until the host invites you to start. In order to understand the differences between two countries, we need to know what is cross cultural communication. Cross Cultural Communication Cross cultural communication, which is also known as Inter-personal communication, is a field of study that looks upon how people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other, and how they endeavor to communicate across the cultures. With the process of globalization increasing day-by-day, especially the increasing global trade, it is very obvious that different cultures will conflict and blend together. People from different cultures find it very hard to communicate not only due to the language barriers but are also affected by the cultural styles. Effective communication between people of different cultures is a very challenging task. The same words can mean different things to different people from different cultures, even when they talk in the same language. Cross cultural communication is a combination of many other fields, like, anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication. Its basic responsibility is to produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures can communicate in a better way with each other. Cross cultural communication is based upon the knowledge of certain factors which are as follows: Decision-making practices Cultural values, perception, manners and social structure of the other country Understanding of how members of the group communicate, i.e., verbally, non-verbally, in person, in writing etc. Business Culture of Japan Japanese are highly structured and traditional people. Great importance is given to loyalty, politeness, personal responsibility and on everyone working together for the good of the larger group. Education, ambition, hard work, patience and determination are held in the highest regard. When you are doing business in Japan, make sure that you are not insulting any rule of Japanese culture, if you want your business deal to be successful. Meeting Etiquettes Business meetings in Japan are conducted very formally and they are generally needed to be scheduled in advance. Before everyone takes his/her seat, it is an essential on part of Japanese business to exchange their business cards. Business cards should be printed in a way such that one side is in Japanese and one side in the language of the card holders home country. It is best interest to offer business cards with both hands as this denotes greater respect. Greeting Etiquettes A handshake is appropriate at the time of meeting. The Japanese handshake is always limp with little or no eye contact. Some Japanese bow as well as shake hands. The bow is a greeting used to show respect and is appreciated by the Japanese. A slight bow is acceptable to show courtesy. Dress Codes Dressing is modern and conservative. The Japanese dress well every time. Japanese culture says that one should dress smartly for parties, even if the invitation says Casual or Come as you are. MEN: They should wear dark suits and ties for business. WOMEN: They should wear formal dresses, suits and shoes with heals. Subtle colors and conservative styles are best for women in business. Body Language Nodding is very important in Japanese culture. When Japanese is speaking, especially in English, nodding shows that you are listening and understanding the speaker. Silence is a natural and expected form of non-verbal communication in Japanese culture. Do not feel a need to chatter. Do not stand very close to a Japanese person. Avoid touching a Japanese. Prolonged eye contact or staring is considered to be rude. Do not show affection, such as hugging or shoulder slapping, in public. It is considered insulting by the Japanese. Sit erect with both your feet on the floor. Never sit with crossed legs. Corporate Culture Be punctual for all business and social meetings. If one has any degree of knowledge of Japanese culture, it is greatly appreciated. Japanese exchange business cards even before they shake hands or bow. Make sure that your business card clearly states your position. This will determine who your negotiating counterpart shall be. Keep in mind that the initial negotiations should begin with middle line managers. Do not attempt to go over to senior management. It is considered acceptable to use a Japanese company interpreter in the first meeting. Once negotiations begin, you can hire your own interpreter. Work is always undertaken in a group. The workgroup is strongly united without any competition; either all will succeed or all will fail. Decision-making is done by the whole group. Every person in the group must be consulted before making any decision. This is a very slow process. It takes several meetings in the development of a contract. Whenever the time arrives, close the deal with a handshake. Leave the signing part of the written contract on the later meetings. Always remember not to bring a lawyer. It is important to build business relations that are based on trust. The Japanese do not like complicated legal documents. Written contracts should cover essential points. Gifts The value of the gift does not matter. Instead ritual of gift giving is more important. Allow your Japanese counterpart to begin the gift giving ceremony. Present a gift in a modest fashion, like by saying, This is just a small token, or This is an insignificant gift. It is very important to give and receive a gift properly. Give and receive a gift with both the hands along with a slight bow. The Japanese may refuse a gift once or twice before accepting it. Do not give a gift to anyone unless you have one for everyone present in the meeting. Correct wrapping of the gift is very important. Appearance counts more than the contents. Always be prepared to give and receive a gift at the very first business meeting. Gifts are often given at the end of the first meeting. If you are not giving a proper gift there is a chance of ruining the business relationship. Dining Etiquettes Dining habits in a restaurant are crucial to business. A person is judged by his/her behavior during and after business hours. No business deal is completed without dinner in a restaurant. Drinking is considered to be a group activity. Do not say no when you are being offered a drink. An empty glass signifies that you are asking for another drink. Keep your glass at least half full if you do not want more drink. If a Japanese person initiates to pour more and you do not want it, put your hand over the glass, or fill it with water if required. Similarly, an empty plate signals a desire for more food. Leave a little food on your plate after you have finished eating. Toasting is a very important custom in Japan and many toasts are offered during the course of an evening. At dinner, wait for the toast before you start drinking. Respond to each toast with a toast. Wait for the honored guest before you begin eating. If you are the honored guest, wait until all the food is kept on the table and everyone is ready before you start eating. Business Cultural Differences between Russia and Japan In Japan, a person is always greeted with a bow, which expresses high respect, gratitude, sometimes sympathy or an apology. It is an integral part of Japanese culture. But in Russia, a person is greeted with a mere handshake. Handshakes are firm, confident and brief with proper eye contact in Russian culture but in Japanese culture, handshakes are limp with little or no eye contact. In Russia, tapping on the back is considered to be an expression of friendship or motivation but in Japanese business culture touching or back slapping is avoided. Silence is usually avoided in Russian business or social meetings but in Japan it is an expected form of non-verbal communication. In Russian work culture, it is necessary to maintain an eye contact with the person whom you are talking with or greeting but in Japanese business culture prolonged eye contact is considered as rude. In Russia, gift is given according to the rank of the person to whom the gift is being given, but in Japan, the value of the gift doesnt matter. Instead, gift giving is more important. The problems that are discussed above are some of the cross-cultural problems that a person working in Russia would face after going to Japan and working over there. Ways to overcome the cross-cultural problems Though bowing while greeting is vital in Japan but as a Russian, one is not expected to bow. The thing that is more important is to show respect and gratitude, it can be either with a handshake or a bow. It is important to use full name followed by the companys name at the time of introduction. Always use proper titles when addressing someone. Exchanging business cards is seen to represent the individual. So make sure to keep ample cards with you, with one side printed in Japanese. Always offer the card with both the hands with Japanese side up. Communication is the main problem in cross cultural businesses. Always explain and clarify the meaning of what you are saying to maintain harmony and miscommunication. Try to learn the culture and customs of the country in which you have to reside now. It is important to have a smooth and efficient life as you have to work in that country now, with the country men, so it is for your benefit. The above discussion clearly explains that cross cultural differences will be faced by every person who changes his/her country either for work or some other purpose. In order to overcome the problems that arise due to cross cultural differences, it is very important for the person to understand the culture of the country he/she is shifting to. It is necessary for the person to adopt the new culture as soon as possible to avoid miscommunication with the local residents of that country.

Ruth and Naomi in a Place Called Moab There Lived a Nice Family

In a place called Moab there lived a nice family. Elimelech, his wife Naomi and their two sons moved there because there was more food there than where they used to live. After a while Elimelech died but Naomi wasn't alone she still had two sons. Her sons got married but after about ten years they died too. At least Naomi still had her sons wives to keep her company, their names were Orpah and Ruth. Naomi called her sons wives and told them, â€Å"I am going to go back to where I used to live and I would like you also to go back to your family where you used to live. May God show you kindness as you have showed me. All the women cried and hugged each other because they were such good friends. Orpah didn't want to leave Naomi but Naomi told her not to worry, she would be fine. So Orpah left to go back to her family. But no matter what Naomi said to Ruth, Ruth would not leave. â€Å"Don't ask me to leave. Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your friends will be my friends and your God will be my God. † So Ruth and Naomi returned to Bethlehem together. It was a good thing Ruth went with Naomi because Bethlehem was very far away and Naomi couldn't have traveled all that way by herself. Notice that Ruth never complains but is a good friend to Naomi. She wasn't expecting anything in return, she just wanted to help. When they got there Ruth decided that she should do some kind of work. It was harvest time, so she worked in the fields following behind the harvesters and picked up any barley that they had dropped. The owner of the field came by to greet the harvesters and noticed Ruth in the field. He asked one of the harvesters who she was. â€Å"She came back from Moab with Naomi, that's all I know. † Lucky for Ruth the owner of the field was Boaz, he was a kind man who believed in God. He had also been related to Elimelech (Naomi's husband that died). Boaz went to go talk to Ruth, he said to her, â€Å"Don't go work in any other field but stay here with the other servant girls. I will make sure you are safe and whenever you are thirsty go and get a drink from the water jars. † When Ruth heard this she bowed down to Boaz and asked, â€Å"Why are you being so nice to me, I'm not even from here. † Boaz replied, â€Å"I know what you've done for Naomi, you left your family and moved to a place you've never been. May the Lord reward you for your kindness. † Ruth thanked Boaz and continued with her work in the hot sun. Boaz even ordered his workers to drop extra barley so Ruth could have more for herself. Ruth took all the barley home and shared what she had with Naomi. And eventually Ruth married Boaz and everyone was very happy! * Being a good friend takes a long time to learn. A good friend is loyal, which means you keep your promises and sometimes when you don't feel like being a friend you are anyway. Sometimes our friends aren't perfect and they make mistakes but we make mistakes too, and we don't want our friends to leave us when that happens. God gives us friends when we need them, and we should treat them like a gift from God. Just like in the story, Naomi could've insisted the women come with her, but she unselfish and wanted them to be free to go home to be with their families. And Ruth had such a good attitude and wanted to help, she moved away from everyone she knew and went to work to help Naomi. She didn't tell everyone what a good friend she was, she knew that she should be a friend like God wanted her to be. Ruth and Naomi In a place called Moab there lived a nice family. Elimelech, his wife Naomi and their two sons moved there because there was more food there than where they used to live. After a while Elimelech died but Naomi wasn't alone she still had two sons. Her sons got married but after about ten years they died too. At least Naomi still had her sons wives to keep her company, their names were Orpah and Ruth. Naomi called her sons wives and told them, â€Å"I am going to go back to where I used to live and I would like you also to go back to your family where you used to live. May God show you kindness as you have showed me. All the women cried and hugged each other because they were such good friends. Orpah didn't want to leave Naomi but Naomi told her not to worry, she would be fine. So Orpah left to go back to her family. But no matter what Naomi said to Ruth, Ruth would not leave. â€Å"Don't ask me to leave. Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your friends will be my friends and your God will be my God. † So R uth and Naomi returned to Bethlehem together. It was a good thing Ruth went with Naomi because Bethlehem was very far away and Naomi couldn't have traveled all that way by herself. Notice that Ruth never complains but is a good friend to Naomi. She wasn't expecting anything in return, she just wanted to help. When they got there Ruth decided that she should do some kind of work. It was harvest time, so she worked in the fields following behind the harvesters and picked up any barley that they had dropped. The owner of the field came by to greet the harvesters and noticed Ruth in the field. He asked one of the harvesters who she was. â€Å"She came back from Moab with Naomi, that's all I know. † Lucky for Ruth the owner of the field was Boaz, he was a kind man who believed in God. He had also been related to Elimelech (Naomi's husband that died). Boaz went to go talk to Ruth, he said to her, â€Å"Don't go work in any other field but stay here with the other servant girls. I will make sure you are safe and whenever you are thirsty go and get a drink from the water jars. † When Ruth heard this she bowed down to Boaz and asked, â€Å"Why are you being so nice to me, I'm not even from here. † Boaz replied, â€Å"I know what you've done for Naomi, you left your family and moved to a place you've never been. May the Lord reward you for your kindness. † Ruth thanked Boaz and continued with her work in the hot sun. Boaz even ordered his workers to drop extra barley so Ruth could have more for herself. Ruth took all the barley home and shared what she had with Naomi. And eventually Ruth married Boaz and everyone was very happy! * Being a good friend takes a long time to learn. A good friend is loyal, which means you keep your promises and sometimes when you don't feel like being a friend you are anyway. Sometimes our friends aren't perfect and they make mistakes but we make mistakes too, and we don't want our friends to leave us when that happens. God gives us friends when we need them, and we should treat them like a gift from God. Just like in the story, Naomi could've insisted the women come with her, but she unselfish and wanted them to be free to go home to be with their families. And Ruth had such a good attitude and wanted to help, she moved away from everyone she knew and went to work to help Naomi. She didn't tell everyone what a good friend she was, she knew that she should be a friend like God wanted her to be. Ruth and Naomi In a place called Moab there lived a nice family. Elimelech, his wife Naomi and their two sons moved there because there was more food there than where they used to live. After a while Elimelech died but Naomi wasn't alone she still had two sons. Her sons got married but after about ten years they died too. At least Naomi still had her sons wives to keep her company, their names were Orpah and Ruth. Naomi called her sons wives and told them, â€Å"I am going to go back to where I used to live and I would like you also to go back to your family where you used to live. May God show you kindness as you have showed me. All the women cried and hugged each other because they were such good friends. Orpah didn't want to leave Naomi but Naomi told her not to worry, she would be fine. So Orpah left to go back to her family. But no matter what Naomi said to Ruth, Ruth would not leave. â€Å"Don't ask me to leave. Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your friends will be my friends and your God will be my God. † So R uth and Naomi returned to Bethlehem together. It was a good thing Ruth went with Naomi because Bethlehem was very far away and Naomi couldn't have traveled all that way by herself. Notice that Ruth never complains but is a good friend to Naomi. She wasn't expecting anything in return, she just wanted to help. When they got there Ruth decided that she should do some kind of work. It was harvest time, so she worked in the fields following behind the harvesters and picked up any barley that they had dropped. The owner of the field came by to greet the harvesters and noticed Ruth in the field. He asked one of the harvesters who she was. â€Å"She came back from Moab with Naomi, that's all I know. † Lucky for Ruth the owner of the field was Boaz, he was a kind man who believed in God. He had also been related to Elimelech (Naomi's husband that died). Boaz went to go talk to Ruth, he said to her, â€Å"Don't go work in any other field but stay here with the other servant girls. I will make sure you are safe and whenever you are thirsty go and get a drink from the water jars. † When Ruth heard this she bowed down to Boaz and asked, â€Å"Why are you being so nice to me, I'm not even from here. † Boaz replied, â€Å"I know what you've done for Naomi, you left your family and moved to a place you've never been. May the Lord reward you for your kindness. † Ruth thanked Boaz and continued with her work in the hot sun. Boaz even ordered his workers to drop extra barley so Ruth could have more for herself. Ruth took all the barley home and shared what she had with Naomi. And eventually Ruth married Boaz and everyone was very happy! * Being a good friend takes a long time to learn. A good friend is loyal, which means you keep your promises and sometimes when you don't feel like being a friend you are anyway. Sometimes our friends aren't perfect and they make mistakes but we make mistakes too, and we don't want our friends to leave us when that happens. God gives us friends when we need them, and we should treat them like a gift from God. Just like in the story, Naomi could've insisted the women come with her, but she unselfish and wanted them to be free to go home to be with their families. And Ruth had such a good attitude and wanted to help, she moved away from everyone she knew and went to work to help Naomi. She didn't tell everyone what a good friend she was, she knew that she should be a friend like God wanted her to be.

Community Corrections Essay

Introduction Probation and parole are two alternatives to incarceration. Many jurisdiction are looking more to probation as an alternative to incarceration and early release through parole to reduce the size of the prison population. Probation and parole officials are there to help offenders return to society and ensure compliance with the terms of the offenders’ release. What are the primary goals of using community corrections supervision for probation as an alternative to incarceration? What are the primary goals for parole or correctional supervision following release from jail or prison? Primary goals of probation. There are many goals for using community corrections supervision for probation as an alternative to incarceration; however, the main goals are to reduce the rate of crime. According to Families against Mandatory Minimums (2013), over 40% of offenders leaving prisons will commit another crime and return to prison within three years. Understanding the problem and getting help for the offender with prevent new crimes. Other goals are: Strengthening families and the community, savings to taxpayers as well as giving the court systems other options for sentencing (Alternatives to Incarceration In A Nutshell, 2013). Primary goals of parole. The primary goal of parole and correctional supervision is to allow individuals to re-integrate into society without any difficulties. Many times after an individual has served enough time in prison, the parole board may determine that an individual may be released. When an individual is released they are given the opportunity to finish serving their sentencing in the community under controlled conditions; parole/correctional supervision is part of the rehabilitation program, it is a mechanism to manage the risk of parolees to the community, and it’s an incentive to continue good behavior. Rehabilitation and re-integration are the main focus to everything. How important is it for offenders who are no longer incarcerated to have the ability to work to support themselves and to support their families? For many years the main focus of correctional systems has been the offenders during incarceration. One major concern now is how the offender will support themselves and their families after incarceration. When offenders are released from incarceration it is very challenging for them to become integrated within the community and families. Many offenders face personal challenges such as  low self-esteem, low motivation, skill deficits, lack of training, mental illness, substance abuse; and lack of stable accommodations. They also face social challenges such as negative peer influence, an absence of family support and poor employment records (Visher, 2005; Rakis, 2005; Graffam, 2004). These challenges can make it difficult for ex-offenders to support themselves or their families. The challenges must be addressed to keep the offender from returning to jail. That is why the system provides alternative programs to assure the ex-offenders a better way to return to society and be productive individuals. Should a convicted offender released from incarceration be eligible for public assistance? Should their family–a spouse and children–be eligible? Public Assistance. Yes, currently depending upon each state, ex-offenders are eligible for different kinds of public assistance. If the assistance is already approved it can be because it was properly studied and evaluated. I consider that public assistance can be provided on a case-by-case basis with restrictions, and be monitored often. Ex-offenders should first participate in a rehabilitation program before they qualify for assistance programs. Some ex-offenders deserve a second opportunity in the community (Serving People from Arrest to Reintegration, 1999-2004). An offender’s family member should not be punished for the crimes of the offender. They should be allow to receive public assistance if the meet the qualifications. Conclusion There are many challenges for former inmates returning to society. Re-entry is the primary focus on parole officer to ensure that the offenders return to society is a productive one. It is important for offenders to have the appropriate resources in order to obtain the necessary training and support upon their release from incarceration to be able to support themselves and their families and become productive members of society. References Alternatives to incarceration in a nutshell (2013).

Ethical Issues in Research - 2362 Words

AFRICA NAZARENE UNIVERSITY UNIT TITLE : BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS UNIT CODE : BCM 308 TASK : GROUP WORK STUDENT NO. NAME : NEWTON WANYAMA 12M03EBA074 : LEWIS MUNDIA 12J03ABA007 : JAMES IKUA 12S03EBA003 : MARY ODERO 12S03ABA011 : GLADYS MUMO 12J03EBA011 : PENINAH MBUTHIA : GEORGE OLIWA QUESTION : Discuss the ethical issues in research? DUE: 8 JULY 2013 LECTURER: HANIEL NJOGU MUCHIRI INTRODUCTION When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of†¦show more content†¦Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and the public. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial may harm or even kill patients, and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines relating to radiation or biological safety may jeopardize his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students. Codes and Policies for Research Ethics Given the importance of ethics for the conduct of research, it should come as no surprise that many different professional associations, government agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes, rules, and policies relating to research ethics. Many government agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) have ethics rules for funded researchers. Other influential research ethics policies include the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors), the Chemists Code of Conduct (American Chemical Society), Code of Ethics (American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science) Ethical Principles of Psychologists (American Psychological Association), Statements on Ethics and Professional Responsibility (American AnthropologicalShow Mo reRelatedIssues of Ethical Research683 Words   |  3 PagesIssues of Ethical Research The vast majority of ethical dilemmas regarding research and the involvement of human participants is associated with concerns that are decidedly monetary in nature. Of course, the most fundamental concerns for any such research would be to protect the health and the welfare of those human participants (Callahan 1998). 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